Sing Street

 

What impact does media ownership have upon the range of products available to audiences in the media area you have studied?

 Owner ship is sadly one of the biggest parts of media in this age mainly due to money and expenses available to use on the product, especially in a conglomerate like Disney because they have a higher budget and need to 'play it safe' and make a four quadrant film that can easily be enjoyed and consumed. In my opinion a bigger budget makes designers make safer choices, Disney used vertical integration most of the time because the conglomerate of Disney own all the other branches to create other products, huge conglomerates such as Disney integrate allot, meaning that when they spread (synergy) across other sectors such as publishing, TV and video games, they work with companies and institutions that they already own or have created or used before in the past for its other products such as ABC news, ESPN (cable) or even its theme park, the advantages being that because it's all 'in house' so is the profit, because the fact that  Star Wars the force awakens is now owned by Disney (Lucas sold it for $4.05 billion)this factor causes Star Wars to have many key in products such as Lego's other TV shows (on the Disney channel) video games, action figures and many more, even oranges, this made Star Wars the dominant market leader in more than just the film industry helping it to sell its product to more audiences such as the Lego fans instead of the Star Wars and film fans.

Whilst Little media ownership may cause losses in their overall profit because of the fact that for them to integrate to other sectors, this would cost allot more and new agreements would need to be signed because they must work with other  separate companies and institutions that specialize in that specific area, doing this causes the company to share out its profit to any companies that have helped them create other linked in products. this might be why Ex_machina who only had a budget of 15million didn't have the money to essentially hire another company to help make other products by doing this would forces the company ,DNA ,to split out the profit to the other companies that have helped to sell its merchandise or other products, meaning that even if lots of people wanted Ex_machina products DNA alone wouldn't be able to provide it, which in turn could be why they aimed for specific audiences in the first place. If DNA did cross intergraded and take that risk and profit loss ,in my opinion, it would be more of a successful film because it would of placed its brand in other markets such as the toy industry which then could of caused more initial buyers  or viewers of the products, it still could but it may be too late to do so since its already well peaked, if it released other products to other industry it would of essentially marketed its self to possibly larger audiences if they did do this before the films relies it may of sold more tickets and it could of made money on the other product it realised even though some of that may be split to the other helping company.

This can effect companies and products because having the money and backing to make your product known increases the amount of potential consumers on DVD or cinema, Star wars did this by already having a big name from generations ago and is also well known for Lucas films and Disney and all the connotations that come with colossal names like that, the products where nearly another form of marketing which benefitted the product especially since they did most the other products in house or if not, like when they collaborated with dice to creator the new star wars battlefront it not only benefitted Disney and Lucas but also dice because branding a video game with a name like that brings in allot more customers than say an Ex_machina game, the Star Wars products also made it to adverts and billboards which means it was seen by many people, specifically the Lego sets which leaked key points of the film, such as the Ray speeder set which was realised before the film which could incise hype among fans because at that point many didn't know the new characters, this in my opinion is better than actual marketing because it has added profits that come with it and is more versatile than just trailer, However the down fall on marketing through products is with films that are low budget like Ex_machina that never would be able to brand its self on Lego or action figures,  video games which confines it to the simple trailers which are generally aimed at niche audiences if Ex_machina managed to relies a Lego set or game it would draw fans from those sectors making the amount of people who know the film larger which in turn may increase viewers but as Ex_machina was a low budget and only manger name backing it was universal which focused on the marketing side it could not be possible for it to relies any tie in products.

Hypothetically it is interesting to think what would have come of the two films if Disney made Ex_machina and DNA made Star wars, maybe star wars would take more risks and be more innovative maybe thousands of kids would be dressing as Ava or rein acting scenes in the play ground.

in conclusion ownership is the key point of money and it is hard to create anything without money so a company backed by a minor production enterprise will never flourish and bloom like one backed and produced by one of the big six hope fully this may change and films will be backed accordingly to creativity and good story but as it stand it all depends on money and that is mostly  the limiting factor for companies to create other products    

class

SOCIAL CLASS & STATUS 

This has much in common with issues around urban v rural which can be seen with regional identity. 

Clothing codes are often crucial, but so too accent and speech: use of slang v complex language. 

Possessions naturally, and housing, are key factors. 

Camera angles can be used to establish class difference, as seen in the opening of Tess of the D’Urbevilles with the minister high up on horseback and the humble peasant literally beneath him. 

In dramas with a degree of comedy (‘dramedy’) the clash between the classes will be used as a source of humour, the refines tastes of the ABC1s (middle to upper class) clashing with those of the C2DEs (lower- middle class to working class). 

Class identity is established in TV drama partially through possessions of characters. For example when drinking alcohol the receptacle (container) it is poured from can be significant: from the cheap lager of Shameless to the decantered brandy of MofG. 

The easily offended sensibilities of the middle classes are also often a source of humour. With working class characters, the key stereotype tends to revolve around crime, though laziness/dole scrounging can also be commonly seen. 

Having said that, there are still some stereotypes associated with different classes:

• Upper Classes (eg Made in Chelsea) – often shown as rich, clever, snobby, very posh

• Middle Classes (eg My Family)– often shown as “normal”, good family values, well behaved

• Working Classes (eg Coronation Street) – often shown as poorer, less happy, less intelligent, but with strong community links

• Lower / Under Classes (eg Shameless) – often shown as being criminals, no family values, no community links, bad parents etc

People have often noticed that in many TV shows, people of different classes, don’t mix. And when they are shown together, they are often shown as clashing and being very different.

If you get “class” as an issue in the exam, you should be thinking about the following things when watching the clip:

• Can I identify what class characters are?

• Are people from different classes shown as having different interests, personalities, attitudes, behaviours? If so, how?

• Is their class represented as being important in their life?

• Are people from particular classes portrayed as being better, more powerful, than others?

• Are people from particular classes portrayed as being abnormal /weaker/more pathetic than others?

• How do other characters in the clip treat the characters from different classes?

• What is the message the clip is trying to portray about class? 

KEY IDEAS: refined/sophisticated v crude/backwards, eg with language, choice of drinks, clothing; often similar to urban v rural; power/less; victim v criminal

DNA

Who were the co-founders of DNA Films?

Andrew mc Donald Duncan kenworth
When was the company founded?

1983
Where is DNA based?

UK London
How many films have DNA Films produced?

produced 21 films
What awards have DNA Films won?

Several awards for their films including 28 Days Later which won 6 awards Love Actually which won 9 awards, Notes on a Scandal which won 8 awards, The Last King of Scotland which won 6 awards including three BAFTAs, Sunshine which won a single award, Never Let Me Go which won 8 awards and Ex_Machina which won 19 Awards for Best Visual Effects.
How many full time staff does DNA Films employ?

Only three main full time staff at DNA Films, the heads of Andrew MacDonald and Allon Reich, as well as their secretary Joanne Ruth Smith. 
What is DNA Film's philosophy?

List 5 box-office hits that DNA Films have made.

Ex Machina

Train Spotting

28 Days Later

28 Weeks Later

Love Actually
List 5 flops that DNA Films has made.

- Amelia (2009) - Only making $19.6 Million on a $40 Million budget
- Never Let Me Go (2010) - Only making $9.5 Million on a $15 Million budget
- The Parole Officer (2001) - Only making $3.976 Million on a $6 Million budget
- Sunshine (2007) - Only making $32 Million on a $40 Million budget
- Dredd (2012) - Only making $41.5 Million on a $45 Million budget
What is Danny Boyle's relationship with DNA Films?

Danny Boyle is a collaborator with DNA Films, with them working together of 28 Days Later.
List 3 famous directors that DNA Films have worked?

- Danny Boyle
- Richard Curtis
- Mark Romanek
List 5 famous actors who have starred in films made by DNA Films ?

- Andrew Garfield
- Ewan McGreggor
- Karl Urban
- Keira Knightley
- Alan Rickman 
What has been DNA Films highest grossing film?

Love Actually, grossing film, with the box office take of $246.9.
What Hollywood studios have DNA Films worked with?

DNA films have previously worked with the big six,with 20th Century Fox distributing 28 Days Later aas well as Universal, who distributed Love Actually.
List two of DNA Films big blockbuster films and find out their budgets.

- Sunshine (2007) - $40 Million
- Dredd (2012) - $45 MillionWhat film is DNA Films most famous for?

28 Days Later but this is up to interpretation
What other genres do DNA Films films like to make?

Mostly all genres drama, thriller, romance, sci-fi, action and historical.
Who have DNA Films entered into a partnership with for DNA TV Limited?

DNA TV Limited is a television sector in collaboration with the Fox Network Group 
What information can you find out about DNA Films through their web page?

Find out one other interesting fact about DNA Films that you would like to share with the class.

Film piracy

The movie industry excels in selling dreams. But since the dawn of the digital revolution, there is one narrative they've consistently and conspicuously failed to sell: that piracy is theft and consumers who indulge ought to feel guilty about it. Recent research by Ipsos suggests that almost 30% of the UK population is active in some form of piracy, either through streaming content online or buying counterfeit DVDs. Such theft costs the UK audiovisual industries about £500m a year.

Hypothetically, two movies come out on the same day: The Wolf of Wall Street and the new Transformers. You are allowed to see one in an IMAX theater and you will illegally download the other one online. Most people would choose Transformers over The Wolf of Wall Street due to the fact that there are robot dinosaurs and everyone else is going to see it in theaters. Those robot dinosaurs will look a lot cooler in a theater rather than on a laptop. Many people then realized how lacking the movie really was after walking out of their local theater’s showing of Transformers: Age of Extinction. Meanwhile, many of the same people went on to watch The Wolf of Wall Street online to realize that it was actually a really good movie. Most people don’t realize that this is at all a problem, and at first glance it’s not. However, after more in-depth research, the problem soon becomes apparent. Transformers: Age of Extinction only gained an 18% rating on Rotten Tomatoes (Transformers, Rotten Tomatoes), one of the most critical and most trusted film-review sites online. The Wolf of Wall Street, however, gained a 77% rating on the same site (Wolf of Wall Street, Rotten Tomatoes). It was also nominated for five different Academy Awards. The Wolf of Wall Street is clearly the better film. Yet, besides the fact that Transformers was clearly not a great film, it somehow managed to be named the highest grossing film worldwide of 2014 and earned over one billion dollars in the Box Office (2014 Worldwide Grosses). The Wolf of Wall Street went on to be the most pirated film of 2014 with over 30 million illegal downloads (Spangler, 1) and didn’t even gross $117 million, giving the producers and the studio under $17 million after the production cost, which is not a much of a profit at all for such a high-budget film.

Piracy has become more of a problem in the past decade than it ever has before, specifically movie piracy. In fact, a study from Columbia University came out recently that said at least 45% of US citizens pirate movies actively, but that number bumps up to 70% if you include the younger demographics as well (Mick, 2). This act of pirating is growing more and more common every year and most people do it mindlessly, not realizing what it costs. Everyone has seen the text at the beginning of movies saying “Piracy is not a victimless crime,” and this is completely true. Piracy is extremely harmful to the movie industry and its effects are larger than anyone could imagine.

But Where Do These Pirated Movies Come From?

There are many different ways that people pirate movies. One of the most classic ways people pirate is by “leaking” them. This involves a person going into a movie theater with a camera or a phone and recording the movie as it plays. It is usually a poor quality, but many people still download these recordings anyways instead of going to see it in a theater. This usually occurs when it is only in theater since that is the only version most people are able to see. Sometimes these leaks occur before the movie is even premiered, often because it is filmed during a special premier before the opening night. This is referred to as a pre-release, and they tend to result in a 19% decrease in how much the movie makes at the Box Office (Hart, 2). Many people defend pre-releases because it gives a movie more publicity so more people would want to see it, but the facts state otherwise. Leaking a movie that’s in the theaters always tends to decrease how much the movie makes regardless of when it is released and sometimes even leads to the movie not even making as much as there was put into it.

One of the other common ways for a movie to be pirated is for it to be digitally hacked. This one has become more common lately as technology improves. One of the most extreme and recent examples was the Sony hacking. Though some people will claim that Sony faked the hacking, evidence shows that they were legitimately hacked. During this hacking, many of Sony’s movies were released illegally online, such as Annie and Fury (Note: Annie had not even been released yet). A hacking involves someone digitally cracking into the studio or company’s computer system and taking the movie from their files. This logically would actually decrease a movie’s Box Office revenue by even more than someone’s recording of the movie would because it’s a better quality.

There are more ways to watch a pirated movie other than just downloading it online. In fact, some people tend to start their own pirating businesses. It’s very inexpensive and easy for a person to start one of these businesses. More recently, people only need to buy a bunch of blank DVD’s, the same amount of DVD cases and a computer that can burn a DVD. From there, they must find a source to get the pirated movies from. Sometimes they will personally film them in a theater, or find a hacked or leaked version online and download it. After that, all they need to do is download the stolen films onto their blank DVD’s and sell them to anyone who is willing to purchase it. Within a short amount of time, this person has made a great deal of money that should have gone to the movie studios.

What Kind of Effect Does it Have?

Most people would just say that pirating has a small effect on the industry and that the studios already have enough money. They believe watching a movie online isn’t going to hurt anyone. The Motion Picture Association of America looked into this belief and discovered that piracy costs around $20.5 billion annually in the United States alone (Plumer, 2). In fact, a study back in 2005 estimated that a 10% decrease in worldwide piracy, including both film and music, over the course of four years would add 1.5 million jobs, $64 billion in taxes and $400 billion in economic growth (Kai-Lung). That, however, was ten years ago and is outdated. Those numbers are likely to be much higher today due to inflation and an increase in popularity of the film industry. This means that the studios are making much smaller amounts of money than they should be making from their films due to piracy.

Quit Talking Numbers. How Does it Effect My Movie Experience?

The decrease in money from studios will often decrease the quality of other movies and even sequels, but more often it will decrease the quantity. A studio is much more likely to throw all of their money into the next big franchise sequel than give half of it to the franchise and the other half to a movie like Twelve Years a Slave simply because Twelve Years a Slave won’t sell as well in theaters as the franchise movie will. Movie studios and production companies don’t look at reviews and DVD sales nearly as much as they look at the Box Office Revenue, or how much it makes in the theater.

In many cases, piracy of a film will even damage the likeliness of a franchise sequel. For example, the Kick-Ass movies came to an end due to lack of funding from piracy. According to Chloë Grace Moretz who stars as “Hit-Girl” in the series, Kick-Ass 2 was one of the most pirated films of 2013 despite having an extremely low Box Office Revenue (Highfill). Because of this, the plans for the third movie in the series have been cancelled. Whether or not you like the Kick-Ass series, it is clear that piracy has become a serious problem and will only continue to damage the film industry.

What About New Movies That Aren't Franchises Yet?

It is not franchise movies that need to be worried about, though; it is the movies by the independent filmmakers. Due to the increase in film piracy, production companies and movie studios are now much less likely to loan money out to an independent filmmaker with an idea than they are to a team of writers and producers working on a Harry Potter spin-off. When people think of the term ‘independent filmmaker’, they think of a man in his 20’s with an Associates Degree in Theatre that wrote a screenplay in two weeks. Though these people are independent filmmakers, I refer to the higher kind of independent filmmakers that actually make Oscar nominated films, but take out enormous loans to do so. Now, due to piracy, no matter how many Oscars their movie is nominated for, many filmmakers are having to foreclose their houses or take out further loans from a bank to make up for the losses in the Box Office for their film due to piracy. It also means that the studios do not get their money back that they invested with and therefore stop funding films without promises of success like Birdman or The Theory of Everything, both of whom won Oscars this year.

Now Let's Think More Economically...

The loss of money affects more than just the filmmakers and studios, however. It helps the entire economy grow due to tax and job increase. Pirating less films will mean that the studios will get more money, which leads to more movies, which employs people like hairdressers, electricians, actors, costume designers and countless other occupations. This will add more jobs to the United States and will also add more tax money to help the country.

But Is It Really Stealing?

Many people argue that piracy is not illegal because they are not technically stealing anything. Though they are not physically taking away anything from anyone, they are stealing intellectual property. Just because you can’t hold a movie file in your hands does not mean that it is not someone’s property. Downloading a film online is the equivalent of stealing a movie from a movie store. It may not come in the same fancy case as a movie at the store, but it still carries the same contents. By pirating a film, you are stealing the money that should have been paid had you watched the movie legally. You do not have a right to watch whatever movies you want to watch without having to pay for them just as I do not have a right to walk into the local Dollar General and eat their candy bars without paying first. As much as people may argue it, film piracy is stealing. It is not your property, so it is not yours to take without paying for it first.

Going Back to my Original Example at the Beginning of All of This...

The Wolf of Wall Street was 2014’s most pirated movie with over 30 million piracies worldwide. Let’s do the math to see how much money piracy actually robbed this movie of had these people gone to see it in a theater instead. In 2014, the average price of a movie ticket in the United States was $8.17 (Linshi, 1). When a person goes to see a movie in the theater, the money spent on the ticket goes to two different places. It is split between the movie studio and the movie theater, with more going to the theater the longer the movie has been out (Campea). For the purposes of now, let’s average that overall the theater and the studio would each get 50% of the ticket price. Now for the part with the actual math. If each illegal download of The Wolf of Wall Street, which more specifically evens out to around 30,035,000 downloads (Spangler, 1) equals one movie ticket that costs $8.17, and the movie studio only gets half of the amount from each movie ticket, that results in about $122,692,975 that was robbed from Paramount Pictures for just that one movie. That amount stolen was more than the movie actually made in the Box Office, and that is assuming that only one person watched each illegal download. Several of those downloads were most likely copied onto multiple different blank DVD’s and given out to others to watch illegally. That is even more money that was robbed from The Wolf of Wall Street. In the Box Office, the movie barely broke even out of how much they spent making the film. These numbers would have helped the studio, the filmmakers and the crew a lot more in order to make even more Oscar nominated movies. Unfortunately, these thirty million people seemed to overlook that.

Now the Real Question: How Do We Stop Piracy?

It all starts at home, just like it takes a spark to start a fire. Many people argue that “everyone is watching movies illegally online, so why is it different if I do it?” Well the same argument could again go for people that steal candy bars from a store. It may cost more than you like and others may do it, but it is not your property to steal. Like voting, if just one person takes a stand against piracy it will make a difference. Simply quit pirating movies or watching them online. There are many different excuses people use about watching movies online illegally, but it does not override the fact that it is illegal. Even streaming movies online is illegal if it is not authorized by the studio that made the film. If you aren’t willing to pay to watch the film, you aren’t allowed to watch it. This is the way the industry works.

What Can The Theaters Do?

A way for movie theaters to prevent piracy is to change their types of projectors. In the past, the government came up with a way to prevent the filming of a movie in the theaters. They did this by projecting an infrared spectrum over the projected film. This infrared image was not visible to the audience, but it would make the video on the camera someone brought into film the movie into a very low quality that would make the video almost unbearable to watch. Since then technology has improved to attempt to improve the quality of the filmed video regardless of the infrared. Though this has worked to an extent, film pirates have not yet fully recovered from the addition of the infrared. Only more research will be able to help improve the projectors so that this does not happen anymore.

What Happens if Someone gets Caught?!

When it all comes down to it, one of the major reasons you should avoid pirating movies is that its an enormous risk. Since it is illegal, there are certainly punishments for those that choose to break this law. These punishments are severe. For example, if a person is convicted of a misdemeanor in piracy, as in they only downloaded or uploaded a small amount of movies without the owner’s consent, the person would be punished with up to a year of prison time and would have a fine of up to $100,000, depending on the extent of the piracy. That, however, is just for a small offense. For someone that downloads or uploads movies illegally without the owner’s consent in large amounts will be charged with a felony. The punishment of this crime is up to 5 years of imprisonment and up to $250,000 in fines. The fine, though, can be more. In some cases, the fine is set as double what the person gained for pirating the films if they made money off of it, or it set as double the amount of money the person cost the studios he or she stole from (AlanS). In any of these cases, it is clear that movie piracy is not worth the risk.

Piracy is Clearly an Enormous Threat

Filmmakers are in danger of losing their jobs and the movie theaters are in danger of only showing films like Transformers sequels and Terminator reboots. Helping the film industry does not just entail not illegally watching a movie, it also entails going to see those movies in a theater to reverse the mistakes made by those who don’t realize the consequences. Some of the greatest films do not get the proper credibility in the theaters because people are too distracted by other films or because people would think it’s smarter to illegally watch it on their computer than paying to see it in a theater. As stated earlier, this has many more consequences than these people would think, such as taking away jobs, taking over $20.5 billion from the US film industry and decreasing both the quantity and quality of the very movies they are downloading. In addition, is it really worth spending five years of your life in prison just because you didn’t want to pay to watch a movie? It’s time to stop pirating and to stop making excuses for watching a movie illegally online. Film is a form of art. People use it to tell their stories.

Ex_Machina Review

93%Rotten Tomatoes                                                   7.7/10 IMDb

Ex_Machina 

 Alex Garland’s technological thriller questions humanity and the power of an AI.Writer turned director Garland sculpted this Humble 15 million dollars into a award winning global sensation which has even been said to be the best SIFI of the age and being granted Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, Best British Independent Film 2015, British Independent Film Award for Best Director 2015, Critics' Choice Award for Best Sci-Fi/Horror Movie 2016 and many more clearly showing it went down well.Though Garland made his debut on this film as a director he wrote the screen play for 28 days later, its simliley cleaver writing touches on controversial area which in my opinion where needed to creat the final 'master piece' such as freewill sex society and creation, all that makes us human and why things are not.
the core idea is old but its supreme exaction and technology used in productiuon guves it an illusion of pure originality starring Oscar Isaac, Domnhall Gleeson and Alicia Vikander. Ex_Machina was released on January 21st 2015.The   expertly crafted story centered around a new humanoid AI, Ava ( Alicia Vikander) which Caleb (Domnhall Gleeson) needs to test if its 'human enough' and the moral implications of this, by sitting on a observation chamber which is only a pain of glass away from Ava's zoo like cell where she roams around and they both in gauge in dialog which neither know is truth or a lie especially when the power goes off and the expectation of being watched is lifted, the AI was created by Nathan (Oscar Isaac)  an entrepreneur who made money through a non cope-righted version of Google (Blue Book)  but he seems to be twisted by his isolation and tends to flip between rage and excitement  with such a smooth transition and is never really pinned down through out the film  this causes Caleb not knowing to trust Nathan or Ava which causes the misery and deceit in the film which results in a monumental ending which i personally loved because it left every thing open and un tied but in a way which isn't shadowed by a near 2nd installment so the ending just sits there and this ambiguity makes it so great and sadly rare for this day and age.Tension is created through claustrophobia and is well executed , with its tiny cast of three and the set design and location of a vast rural area with only one building which consisted mainly of white hospital like corridors. The film despite its low $15 Million budget demonstrates great special effects with the creation of Ava making it look realistic bye utilizing the costume and technology as one with out green screen this was created by Andrew white most notably for Charily and the Chocolate Factory and Troy this more natural creation makes it a fresh joy to watch, only minor questions and holes lead a slight feeling of being perplexed but this dose not cover the great story. The actor choice was exemplary and truly made the film all more believable and immersive
A truly good and fresh film which ticked most the boxes and is at minimum granted a must watch title because in my opinion it can be enjoyed by any one and pushes boundaries social and in the film industry, and in my pinion the pr mentioned plot holes help the film and make even more pondesome.

Great film 4.5/5

"I turned to Caleb and he looked up at me and he said, "You're not a man, you're a God".

Major Film Studios

Major Film StudiosA major film studio is a film producer and production company that releases a substantial number of films annually.The Big Six film studios are:1. Warner Bros. Pictures. Comprising a whopping 19.7 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures), Warner Bros. Pictures is the biggest player in the film industry. Securing the rights to major films like Harry Potter, Superman, Batman, The Matrix and Star Wars have made Warner Bros. the No. 1 name in the business.2. Paramount Pictures. With 15.5 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures), Paramount Pictures continues to be one of the most successful film production companies in the world. Star Trek, War of the Worlds, the Mission Impossible series, Transformers and Tropic Thunder are just a few of the popular films produced by Paramount Pictures.3. Walt Disney. One of the most renowned film production companies in the history of the business, Walt Disney now holds 15.3 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures). With highly successful movies like Pirates of the Caribbean, National Treasure, Meet the Robinsons and Enchanted, there's no doubt that Disney will continue to play a key role in the industry for years to come.4. Columbia Pictures. Comprising 12.9 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures), Columbia Pictures remains a big player in the business. Some of this company's recent successes include Casino Royale, The Da Vinci Code, the Spider-Man series and Step Brothers.5. Universal Studios. 12.2 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures) belongs to Universal Studios, which continues to make millions for the film industry. With major hits like the Bourne series (Bourne Identity, Bourne Supremacy and Bourne Ultimatum), The American Pie series, Knocked Up, American Gangster and The Incredible Hulk, it's very clear that Universal Studios knows what it takes to make money in this industry.6. 20th Century Fox. Also known as "Twentieth Century Fox," this highly successful movie production company makes up 11.9 percent of the US/Canadian market share (2007 figures). Some of the biggest and most successful movies from this empire include the X-Men series, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Star Wars Episodes II and III, and the Fantastic Four.Roughly 9/10 films in the UK are seen as a result of these distributorsEssay Question Help-Useful Terminology
Convergence - is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve toward performing similar tasks. e.g. ability to watch video on your phone, tablet, console etc
Synergy – The interaction of two or more institutions/companies to ensure a larger effect thanif they acted independently. This is beneficial for each company through efficiencies in expertise and costs.
Exchange – How we access films
Proliferation - the spread of something
Hardware – the physical equipment used to either record, watch or distribute films
Content – the ‘things’ put in a film (SFX, 3D etc)

Ex Machina press kit